4.5 Billion Birth of Solar System and the Earth.
Years Ago
Earth formed around 4.578 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing likely created the primordial atmosphere, but it contained almost no oxygen and would have been toxic to humans and most modern life.
Much of the Earth was molten because of extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. One very large collision is thought to have been responsible for tilting the Earth at an angle and forming the Moon. Over time, such cosmic bombardments ceased, allowing our planet to cool and form a solid crust. Water that was brought here by comets and asteroids condensed into clouds and the oceans took shape. Earth was finally hospitable to life.
4 Billion Origin of Life
Years Ago
Life originated on Earth through amino acids. Most amino acids, often called "the building blocks of life", can form via natural chemical reactions unrelated to life. In all living things, these amino acids are organized into proteins, and the construction of these proteins is mediated by nucleic acids, that are themselves synthesized through biochemical pathways catalysed by proteins. These organic molecules first arose and formed the first life on Earth.
50 Million Indian Sub continent collides with Eurasian Plate.
Years Ago
10000 BC End of Last Ice Age.
The Earth is currently in an interglacial period of the Quaternary Ice Age, with the last glacial period of the Quaternary having ended approximately 10,000 BC with the start of the Holocene epoch. After the last Ice period, the earth became warmer and more conducive for Human settlement.
7000 BC Beginning of Mehrgarh – I Civilisation.
Mehrgarh Period I was Neolithic and aceramic (i.e., without the use of pottery). The earliest farming in the area was developed by semi-nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goats and cattle. The settlement was established with simple mud buildings and most of them had four internal subdivisions.
The oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in a living person was found in Mehrgarh.
5300 BC Beginning of Mesopotamian Civilisation – Ubaid Period.
Mesopotamia, "land of rivers" is a toponym for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran. The history of ancient Mesopotamia begins with the emergence of urban societies during the Ubaid period.
5000 BC End of Mehrgarh – I Civilisation.
5000 BC Beginning of Mehrgarh – II to VI Civilisation.
Mehrgarh Period II to VI were ceramic Neolithic (i.e., pottery was now in use) and later chalcolithic. Much evidence of manufacturing activity has been found and more advanced techniques were used. Glazed faience beads were produced and terracotta figurines became more detailed. Figurines of females were decorated with paint and had diverse hairstyles and ornaments.
The first button seals were produced from terracotta and bone and had geometric designs. Technologies included stone and copper drills, updraft kilns, large pit kilns and copper melting crucibles. There is further evidence of long-distance trade .
4200 BC Beginning of Egyptian Civilisation – Badari Culture.
The Badarian culture provides the earliest direct evidence of agriculture in Upper Egypt during the Predynastic Era. It flourished between 4400 and 4000 BC.
3300 BC End of Mehrgarh– II to VI Civilisation.
The Human settlements moved eastwards closer to river Indus. The Harappan Civilisation was budding during that time and Mehrgarh settlements were vacated during these times.
3300 BC Start of Early Harappan Civilisation.
The Early Harappan phase is also called as Ravi Phase, named after the nearby Ravi River. Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials, including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead-making. Villagers had, by this time, domesticated numerous crops, including peas, sesame seeds, dates, and cotton, as well as various animals, including the water buffalo. Early Harappan communities turned to large urban centres by 2600 BCE, from where the mature Harappan phase started.
3150 BC Egyptian Civilisation
2700 BC Beginning of Greek Civilisation – Minoan Culture.
They have been characterized as a pre-Indo-European people, apparently the linguistic ancestors of the Eteo-Cretan speakers of Classical Antiquity. They were primarily a mercantile people engaged in overseas trade, taking advantage of their land's rich natural resources. Timber was then an abundant natural resource that was commercially exploited and exported to nearby lands such asCyprus, Syria, Egypt and the Aegean Islands. During the Early Bronze Age, the Minoan Civilization on the island of Crete held great promise for the future.
2600 BC End of Early Harappan Civilisation.
2600 BC Start of Mature Harappan Civilisation or Indus Valley Civilisation
A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Indus Valley Civilization making them the first urban centres in the region. The quality of municipal town planning suggests the knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene, or, alternatively, accessibility to the means of religious ritual.
Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus region were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East. The massive walls of Indus cities most likely protected them from floods and may have dissuaded military conflicts. he people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures.
1900 BC End of Mature Harappan Civilisation or Indus Valley Civilisation
1900 BC Late Harappan Civilisation.
Late Harappan period saw the gradual decline of the civilization and most of the cities were abandoned. Decline of Harappa drove people eastward. After 1900 BC, the number of settlements in India ( Gangetic plains ) increased. Excavations in the Gangetic plain show that urban settlement began around 1200 BC, only a few centuries after the decline of Harappa and much earlier than previously expected.
A possible natural reason for the decline of Harappan Civilisation is connected with climate change . The Indus valley climate grew significantly cooler and drier from about 1800 BCE, linked to a general weakening of the monsoon at that time. Alternatively, a crucial factor may have been the disappearance of substantial portions of the Ghaggar Hakra river system ( Saraswathi River). A tectonic event may have diverted the system's sources toward the Ganges Plain.
1600 BC Beginning of Greek Civilisation – Mycenaean Culture.
Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy. The Mycenaean Greeks invaded Crete and adopted much of the Minoan culture they found on Crete.
1500 BC Start of Vedic Period. The Vedic Age was a period in history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition alone, and a literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times. The Vedic civilization seamlessly originated from the Harappan and Indus Valley Civilisation.
The Vedic forms of belief are the precursor to modern Hinduism. Texts considered to date to the Vedic period are mainly the four Vedas, but the Brahmanas,Aranyakas and the older Upanishads as well as the oldest Shrautasutras are also considered to be Vedic. Vedic religion evolved into the Hindu paths of Yoga and Vedanta. These post-Vedic systems of thought, along with later texts like Upanishads, epics (namely Gita of Mahabharat), have been fully preserved and form the basis of modern Hinduism.
1400 BC End of Greek Civilisation – Minoan Culture.
1200 BC Beginning of Greek Dark Age.
There was widespread collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the eastern Mediterranean world at the outset of the period, as the great palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were destroyed or abandoned. Around this time, the Hittite civilization suffered serious disruption and cities from Troy to Gaza were destroyed. Following the collapse, fewer and smaller settlements suggest famine and depopulation.
1190 BC Burning of Troy.
The war culminated with the burning of Troy. The exact dates of these events are debated. However, the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194–1184 BC, roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy.
1100 BC End of Greek Civilisation – Mycenaean Culture.
Around 1100 BC the Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Numerous cities were sacked and the region entered what historians see as a dark age. During this period Greece experienced a decline inpopulation and literacy.
1020 BC United Kingdom of Israel formed.
The Israelite tribes used to live as a confederation under adhoc charismatic leaders called Judges. In around 1020 BCE, under extreme threat from foreign peoples, the tribes united to form the first united Kingdom of Israel. Samuel anointed Saul from the tribe of Benjamin was the first king
800 BC Beginning of Greek Civilisation – Archaic Culture.
The termini of the Archaic period are defined as the "structural revolution", meaning a sudden upsurge of population and material goods that occurred around 750 BC, and the "intellectual revolution" of classical Greece. The end of archaism is conventionally marked by Xerxes' invasion of Greece in 480 BC. The sharp rise in population at the start of the Archaic period brought with it the settlement of new towns and the expansion of the older population centres. The Archaic period is also characterized by the spread of colonization along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts that began about 800 B.C.
776 BC First Olympic games conducted.
753 BC Beginning of Kingdom of Rome.
The origins of Rome can be traced back to the Trojans. When the city of Troy was burned by the Greeks, a group of people fled the city. They were in search of a new homeland. After years of wandering they settled down along the banks of River Tiber. Over the years, these small settlements gradually grew to form the city of Rome.
600 BC 16 Mahajanapadas established in India.
Anga, Kosala, Kashi, Magadha, Videha, Malla, Chedi, Vatsa or Vamsa, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, Kamboja
599 BC Birth of Mahavira – Propagator of Jainism in India
Mahāvīra is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamāna who established what are today considered to be the central tenets of Jainism. According to Jain tradition, he was the 24th and the last Tirthankara
He was born at a place called Kundalagrama (Vaishali district) situated close to Besadha Patti, 27 miles from Patna in modern day Bihar, India. Mahavira was born to King Siddartha and Queen Trishala of Ikshvaku (Solar) Dynasty.
At the age of thirty Mahavira renounced his kingdom and family, gave up his worldly possessions, and spent twelve years as an ascetic. During these twelve years he spent most of his time meditating. He gave utmost regard to other living beings, including humans, animals and plants, and avoided harming them. He had given up all worldly possessions including his clothes, and lived an extremely austere life. He exhibited exemplary control over his senses while enduring the penance during these years. His courage and bravery earned him the name Mahavira. These were the golden years of his spiritual journey at the end of which he achievedarihant status.
580 BC Begining of the Great Magadha Empire
Brihadratha Dynasty, Pradyota Dynasty, Harayanka Dynasty, Śiśunāga Dynasty ruled Magadha from 580 – 424 BC. Afterwards the Nanda Dynasty, Maurya Dynasty, Sunga Dynasty, Kanva Dynasty, Gupta Dynasty expanded beyond Magadha.
. Two of India's major religions, Buddhism and Jainism, have roots in Magadha; two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.
563 BC Birth of Guatham Buddha – Founder of Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama was born in 563 BCE in Lumbini, Nepal as a son of Shuddhodhana, the king of Kapilavastu and his Queen, Mayadevi. Siddhartha was only 29, when He had left home. For some time, He moved around the entire country meeting various sadhus and saints in His search for inner peace. It was during this period that Siddhartha lived the life of a hermit and involved Himself in rigorous ' tapasya' in order to comprehend the reason for life and death. Then one fine day as Siddhartha reached Bodh Gaya and being very exhausted, He took a seat under the shade of a peepal tree and closed His eyes. It was then He felt a divine light coming within Himself. This was the turning point in His quest as He realised that the truth is within every human being and to search for it outside was baseless. After this incidence, He came to be known as ' Buddha' or the enlightened one.
For 45 years, Buddha spread His message of spiritual life to not only His disciples but the common people as well. Today, Buddhism has a strong following in various Asian countries and is gradually finding its feet in some of the western countries as well.
550 BC Beginning of Pandyan Dynasty in South India.
The Pandyas excelled in both trade and literature. They controlled the pearl fisheries along the South Indian coast, between Sri Lanka and India, which produced some of the finest pearls in the known ancient world. Tradition holds that the legendary Sangams were held inMadurai under their patronage, and that some of the Pandya Kings were poets themselves.
510 BC End of Greek Civilisation – Archaic Culture.
510 BC Beginning of Greek Civilisation – Classical Culture.
Classical Greece was a 200 year period in Greek culture lasting from the 5th through 4th centuries BC. This classical period had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire and greatly influenced the foundation of Western civilizations. Much of modern Western politics, artistic thought, such as architecture, scientific thought, literature, and philosophy derives from this ancient society.
509 BC Beginning of Republic of Rome.
500 BC Vedic Period Ends. The transition from the early to the later Vedic period was marked by the emergence of agriculture as the dominant economic activity and a corresponding decline in the significance of cattle rearing. Several changes went hand in hand with this. For instance, several large kingdoms arose because of the increasing importance of land and long distance trade. The late Vedic period, from 500 BC onward, more or less seamlessly blends into the period of the Middle kingdoms of India known from historical sources.
483 BC Death of Guatham Buddha – Founder of Buddhism
Buddha died at the age of 80 years in 483 BCE. at Kushinagar, India.
356 BC Birth of Alexander the Great.
350 BC Birth of Chanakya
Chanakya also known as Anshul or Anshu or Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta was born in a family of either Brahmin or Baniya as the son of Acharya Chanak in Pataliputra, Magadh (Modern day Patna, Bihar, India). Chanakya enjoyed the best education of the time, in Nalanda. Then he is said to have taught in Takshasilâ which had established itself as a place of learning. Chānakya was a teacher to the first Maurya Emperor Chandragupta and the first Indian emperor generally considered to be the architect of his rise to power.
345 BC Magadha Empire Ruled by Brihadratha, Pradyaota, Haryanka And Shisunaga Dynasties
Magadha Empire was ruled by the following Dynasties since its formation in 580 BC.
(a) Brihadratha Dynasty
(b) Pradyaota Dynasty
(c) Haryanka Dynasty
(d) Shisunaga Dynasty
340 BC Beginning of Nanda Dynasty – Magadha Empire
he Nandas are sometimes described as the first empire builders in the recorded history of India. They inherited the large kingdom of Magadha and wished to extend it to yet more distant frontiers. To this purpose they built up a vast army, consisting of 200,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalry, 2,000 warchariots and 3,000 war elephants.
340 BC Chandragupta Maurya Born
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta succeeded in conquering most of the Indian subcontinent. Chandragupta is considered the first unifier of India and its first genuine emperor.
326 BC Alexander the Great Invades Indian Subcontinent.
In the winter of 327/326 BC, Alexander personally led a campaign against the Aspasioi of Kunar valleys, the Guraeans of the Guraeus valley, and the Assakenoi of the Swat and Buner valleys. A fierce contest ensued with the Aspasioi in which Alexander was wounded in the shoulder by a dart but eventually the Aspasioi lost. Alexander then faced the Assakenoi, who put up a stubborn resistance to Alexander in the strongholds of Massaga, Ora andAornos. The fort of Massaga was reduced only after days of bloody fighting, in which Alexander was wounded seriously in the ankle. A similar slaughter followed at Ora. In the aftermath of Massaga and Ora, numerous Assakenians fled to the fortress of Aornos. Alexander followed close behind their heels and captured the strategic hill-fort after the fourth day of a bloody fight. After Aornos, Alexander crossed the Indus and fought and won an epic battle against a local Punjabi ruler Porus, who ruled a region in the Punjab, in the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC. Alexander was greatly impressed by Porus's bravery, and therefore made an alliance with him and appointed him as satrap, and added to Porus' lands. Alexander founded two new cities on opposite sides of the Hydaspes river (Jhelum River), naming one Bucephala, in honor of the horse that had brought him to India, before dying during the battle and the other Nicaea (Victory) at the site of modern day Mong. East of Porus' kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the powerful Nanda Empire of Magadha and Gangaridai Empire of Bengal. Fearing the prospects of facing other powerful Indian armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (River Beas), refusing to march further east. This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. 324 BC Beginning of Maurya Dynasty – Magadha Empire
Originating from the kingdom of Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic plains (modern Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bengal) in the eastern side of theIndian subcontinent, the empire had its capital city at Pataliputra (modern Patna).
323 BC Death of Alexander the Great.
On either 10 or 11 June 323 BC, Alexander died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylon, at age 32.
323 BC End of Greek Civilisation – Classical Culture.
323 BC Beginning of Greek Civilisation – Hellenstic period.
Hellenistic Greece corresponds to the period between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCand the annexation of the classical Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC.
During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture wereAlexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. Cities such as Pergamon, Ephesus, Rhodes and Seleucia were also important, and increasing urbanization of the Eastern Mediterranean was characteristic of the time.
322 BC Reign of Chandragupta Maurya starts- Maurya Dynasty.
During the reign of Chandragupta Maury, the Maurya Empire extended from Bengal and Assam in the east, toAfghanistan and Balochistan in the west, to Kashmir and Nepal in the north, and to the Deccan Plateau in the south.
His achievements, which ranged from conquering Macedonian satrapies in the northwest and conquering the Nanda Empire by the time he was only about 20 years old, to achieving an alliance with Seleucus I Nicator and establishing centralized rule throughout South Asia, remain some of the most celebrated in the history of India.
321 BC End of Nanda Empire.
Chanakya had trained Chandragupta under his guidance and together they planned the destruction of Dhana Nanda. They were initially rebuffed by the Nanda forces. Regardless, in the ensuing war, Chandragupta faced off against Bhadrasala – commander of Dhana Nanda's armies. He was eventually able to defeat Bhadrasala and Dhana Nanda in a series of battles, ending with the siege of the capital city Pataliputra and the conquest of the Nanda Empire around 321 BCE, thus founding the powerful Maurya Empire in Northern India by the time he was about 20 years old.
304 BC Birth of Ashoka the Great.
Ashoka was born to the Mauryan emperor Bindusara and his queen, Dharmā . He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya.
301BC Begining of Chola Empire .
The Chola dynasty was a Tamil dynasty which was one of the longest-ruling in some parts of southern India. he heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri River, but they ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power. The whole country south of the Tungabhadra was united and held as one state for a period of two centuries and more.
Under Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola I, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-east Asia. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the celebrated expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the overthrow after an unprecedented naval war of the maritime empire of Srivijaya, as well as by the repeated embassies to China.
The Cholas left a lasting legacy. Their patronage of Tamil literature and their zeal in building temples have resulted in some great works of Tamil literature and architecture. The Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship but also as centres of economic activity. They pioneered a centralised form of government and established a disciplined bureaucracy.
300 BC Sangam Literature Period Starts.
The Sangam period is the classical period in the history of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and other parts of South India, spanning about the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. It is named for the Tamil Sangams or "assemblies".
In Old Tamil, the term Tamizhagam is referred to the whole of the "Ancient Tamil country," as distinct from the many kingdoms that existed within its boundaries, corresponding roughly to the area known as South India today, including the territories of the present-day Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Laccadives, parts of Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Karnataka, as well as Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
300 BC Beginning of Chera Empire in South India.
298 BC The End of Reign of Chandragupta Maurya.
Chandragupta gave up his throne towards the end of his life and became an ascetic under the Jain saint Bhadrabahu, migrating south with them and ending his days in sallekhana at Shravanabelagola, in present day Karnataka. A small temple marks the cave (Bhadrabahu Cave) where he is said to have died by fasting. 269 BC The Reign of Ashoka the Great starts.
His reign was headquartered in Magadha (present-day Bihar, India). He embraced Buddhism from the prevalent Hindu tradition after witnessing the mass deaths of the war of Kalinga, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. Ashoka played a critical role in helping make Buddhism a world religion. As the peace-loving ruler of one of the world's largest, richest and most powerful multi-ethnic states, he is considered an exemplary ruler, who tried to put into practice a secular state ethic of non-violence. The emblem of the modernRepublic of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka.
265 BC Kalinga War.
The Kalinga War was a war fought between the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka the Great and the state of Kalinga, a feudal republic located on the coast of the present-day Indian state of Orissa. The Kalinga war is one of the major battles in the History of India. Kalinga put up a stiff resistance, but they were no match for Ashoka's brutal strength. The bloodshed of this war is said to have prompted Ashoka to adopt Buddhism.
232 BC Death of Ashoka the Great.
230 BC Satvahana Empire established.
Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence after the death of Ashoka.
185 BC Beginning of Sunga Dynasty – Magadha Empire.
The Sunga Empire was a royal Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian Subcontinent. The Shunga dynasty was established in 185 BC, about 50 years after Ashoka's death, when the emperor Brhadratha, the last of the Mauryan rulers, was assassinated by the then commander-in-chief of the Mauryan armed forces, Pusyamitra Sunga, while he was taking the Guard of Honour of his forces. Pusyamitra Sunga then ascended the throne.
184 BC End of Maurya Dynasty – Magadha Empire.
Ashoka was followed for 50 years by a succession of weaker kings. Brhadrata, the last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty, held territories that had shrunk considerably from the time of emperor Ashoka, although he still upheld the Buddhist faith.
146 BC End of Greek Civilisation – Hellenstic period.
The Greek Empires finally came to an end when the Romans attacked and captured the Greek cities.
73 BC End of Sunga Dynasty – Magadha Empire. Pushyamitra Sunga died after ruling for 36 years (187–151 BC). He was succeeded by son Agnimitra. There were ten Sunga emperors. Finally the empire declined by around 73 BC.
73 BC Beginning of Kanva Dynasty – Magadha Empire.
The Kanva dynasty replaced the Sunga dynasty in Magadha, and ruled in the eastern part of India from 75 BC to 26 BC. The last ruler of the Sunga dynasty was overthrown by Vasudeva of the Kanva dynasty in 75 BC. The Kanva ruler allowed the kings of the Sunga dynasty to continue to rule in obscurity in a corner of their former dominions. Magadha was ruled by four Kanva rulers.
27 BC Beginning of Roman Empire.
Roman expansion began in the days of the Republic, but the Empire reached its greatest extent under Emperor Trajan. During his reign (98 to 117 AD) the Roman Empire controlled approximately 6.5 million km2 of land surface.
26 BC End of Kanva Dynasty - Magadha Empire. Kanva Dynasty was brought to an end by the Satavahanas of the south.
5 BC Birth of Jesus Christ
Jesus was born to Joseph and Mary at Bethlehem. Angels proclaim him a savior for all people, and shepherds come to adore him. King Herod massacres all the toddler boys in Bethlehem to kill Jesus, but the holy family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. 30 AD Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
285 AD Roman Empire split into West & East. 
The Roman Empire approached near-collapse between 235 AD and 284 AD. During this time, 25 emperors reigned, and the empire experienced extreme military, political, and economic crises. Additionally, in 251 AD, the Plague of Cyprian broke out, causing large-scale mortality which may have seriously affected the ability of the Empire to defend itself. This period ended with the accession of Diocletian, who reigned from 284 AD until 305 AD, and who solved many of the acute problems experienced during this crisis. Diocletian saw the vast empire as ungovernable, and therefore split the Roman Empire in half and created two equal emperors to rule under the title of Augustus. In doing so, he effectively created what would become the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.
330 AD City of Constantinople found.
Emperor Constantine founded Constantinople as a second Rome on the site of Byzantium, which was well-positioned astride the trade routes between East and West.
395 AD Beginning of Byzantine Empire ( Medevial Rome).
The Byzantine Empire existed for more than a thousand years, from the 4th century to 1453. During most of its existence, it remained one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe.
476 AD End of Roman Empire ( Western).
The year 476 AD is generally accepted as the formal end of the Western Roman Empire. That year, Orestes refused the request of Germanic mercenaries in his service for lands in Italy. The dissatisfied mercenaries, led by Odoacer, revolted, and deposed the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus. This event has traditionally been considered the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
570 AD Birth of Prophet Mohammed (Founder of Islam)
Prophet Mohammed is considered by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God, and by Muslims the last law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets. Most Muslims consider him to be the last prophet of God as taught by the Quran.Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Discontented with life in Mecca, he retreated to a cave in the surrounding mountains for meditation and reflection. According to Islamic beliefs it was here, at age 40, in the month of Ramadan, where he received his first revelation from God.
622 AD Migration of Prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Medina (Hajj)
In September 622, warned of a plot to assassinate him, Muhammad secretly slipped out of Mecca. Muhammad and his followers emigrated to the city of Yathrib, 320 kilometres (200 mi) north of Mecca, in several steps. Yathrib was soon renamed Madinat un-Nabi, literally "the City of the Prophet", but un-Nabi was soon dropped, so its name in English is Medina, meaning "the city".
629 AD First Muslim Mosque Built in India.
632 AD Death of Prophet Mohammed
Prophet Mohammed died on Monday, June 8, 632, in Medina, at the age of 63, in the house of his wife Aisha.
632 AD Rashidun Caliphate starts.
The Rashidun Caliphate, comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death in 632. Abu Bakr (632-634), Umar (634-644), Uthman (644-656) and Ali (656-661) where the Caliphs that ruled the Rashidun Caliphate.
650 AD Quran was completed.
Muslims believe the Quran to be the book of divine guidance and direction for humanity and consider the text in its original Arabic to be the literal word of God, revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over a period of twenty-three years. In about 650, as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian peninsula into Persia, the Levant and North Africa, the third caliph Uthman ibn Affan ordered the preparation of an official, standardized version, to preserve the sanctity of the text.
661 AD Rashidun Caliphate ends.
After the assassination of the third Caliph - Uthman ibn Affan, a civil war started inside the Rashdun Caliphate. The fourth Caliph – Ali had a brief control of the Caliphate before it paved way for the Umayyad Caliphate. 661 AD Umayyad Caliphate starts.
The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. 750 AD Umayyad Caliphate ends.
750 AD Abbasid Caliphate starts.
750 AD Start of Islamic Golden Age.
The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. During this period the Muslim world became an intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad; where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic.
756 AD Establishing of Emirate of Cordoba by Umayyad Dynasty.
909 AD Start of Fatimid Caliphate.
929 AD End of Emirate of Cordoba.
In 929, to impose its authority and end the riots and conflicts that ravaged the Iberian Peninsula, the Emir proclaimed himself Caliph, elevating the emirate to a position competing in prestige not only with the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad but also the Shi'ite caliph in Tunis—with whom he was competing for control of North Africa.
929 AD Start of Caliphate of Cordoba.
Following the declaration of Emirate of Cordoba as the Caliphate of Cordoba, a new Caliphate arose in the present day Spain. The Caliphate of Córdoba ruled the Iberian peninsula (Al-Andalus) and part of North Africa, from the islamic Qurtuba (Córdoba) city, 1031 AD End of Caliphate of Cordoba
The Caliphate was practically disintegrated due to civil war (fitna) between descendants of the last legitimate Caliph Hisham II and the successors of his prime minister (hayib) Al-Mansur. The shell of the Caliphate existed until 1031 when, after years of infighting, it fractured into a number of independent Taifa kingdoms. 1171 AD End of Fatimid Caliphate.
1258 AD End of Abbasid Caliphate (The Bagdad Caliphs)
The Abbasids' rule was briefly ended for three years in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol khan, sacked Baghdad. They resumed their rule by shifting their capital to Cairo. All the Caliphs till 1258 AD were called as Bagdad Caliphs. 1258 AD End of Islamic Golden Age.
Bagdad was the centre of Wisdom during the Abbasid Caliphate. After the invasion of Mongols, the Abbasids had to shift their capital to Cairo, Egypt. This marked an end to the Islamic Golden Age.
1453 AD End of Byzantine Empire ( Medevial Rome). 
On 2 April 1453, Sultan Mehmed's army of some 80,000 men and large numbers of irregulars laid siege to the city. Despite a desperate last-ditch defence of the city by the massively outnumbered Christian, Constantinople finally fell to the Ottomans after a two-month siege on 29 May 1453. The last Byzantine Emperor,Constantine XI Palaiologos, was last seen casting off his imperial regalia and throwing himself into hand-to-hand combat after the walls of the city were taken.
